8 research outputs found
Dark respiration protects photosynthesis against photoinhibition in mesophyll protoplasts of pea (Pisum sativum)
The optimal light intensity required for photosynthesis by mesophyll protoplasts of pea (Pisum sativum) is about 1250 microeinsteins per square meter per second. On exposure to supra-optimal light intensity (2500 microeinsteins per square meter per second) for 10 min, the protoplasts lost 30 to 40% of their photosynthetic capacity. Illumination with normal light intensity (1250 microeinsteins per square meter per second) for 10 min enhanced the rate of dark respiration in protoplasts. On the other hand, when protoplasts were exposed to photoinhibitory light, their dark respiration also was markedly reduced along with photosynthesis. The extent of photoinhibition was increased when protoplasts were incubated with even low concentrations of classic respiratory inhibitors: 1 micromolar antimycin A, 1 micromolar sodium azide, and 1 microgram per milliliter oligomycin. At these concentrations, the test inhibitors had very little or no effect directly on the process of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. The promotion of photoinhibition by inhibitors of oxidative electron transport (antimycin A, sodium azide) and phosphorylation (oligomycin) was much more pronounced than that by inhibitors of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (sodium fluoride and sodium malonate, respectively). We suggest that the oxidative electron transport and phosphorylation in mitochondria play an important role in protecting the protoplasts against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Our results also demonstrate that protoplasts offer an additional experimental system for studies on photoinhibition
Optimizing Distributed Tensor Contractions using Node-Aware Processor Grids
We propose an algorithm that aims at minimizing the inter-node communication
volume for distributed and memory-efficient tensor contraction schemes on
modern multi-core compute nodes. The key idea is to define processor grids that
optimize intra-/inter-node communication volume in the employed contraction
algorithms. We present an implementation of the proposed node-aware
communication algorithm into the Cyclops Tensor Framework (CTF). We demonstrate
that this implementation achieves a significantly improved performance for
matrix-matrix-multiplication and tensor-contractions on up to several hundreds
modern compute nodes compared to conventional implementations without using
node-aware processor grids. Our implementation shows good performance when
compared with existing state-of-the-art parallel matrix multiplication
libraries (COSMA and ScaLAPACK). In addition to the discussion of the
performance for matrix-matrix-multiplication, we also investigate the
performance of our node-aware communication algorithm for tensor contractions
as they occur in quantum chemical coupled-cluster methods. To this end we
employ a modified version of CTF in combination with a coupled-cluster code
(Cc4s). Our findings show that the node-aware communication algorithm is also
able to improve the performance of coupled-cluster theory calculations for
real-world problems running on tens to hundreds of compute nodes.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Communication-Efficient Jaccard Similarity for High-Performance Distributed Genome Comparisons
The Jaccard similarity index is an important measure of the overlap of two
sets, widely used in machine learning, computational genomics, information
retrieval, and many other areas. We design and implement SimilarityAtScale, the
first communication-efficient distributed algorithm for computing the Jaccard
similarity among pairs of large datasets. Our algorithm provides an efficient
encoding of this problem into a multiplication of sparse matrices. Both the
encoding and sparse matrix product are performed in a way that minimizes data
movement in terms of communication and synchronization costs. We apply our
algorithm to obtain similarity among all pairs of a set of large samples of
genomes. This task is a key part of modern metagenomics analysis and an
evergrowing need due to the increasing availability of high-throughput DNA
sequencing data. The resulting scheme is the first to enable accurate Jaccard
distance derivations for massive datasets, using largescale distributed-memory
systems. We package our routines in a tool, called GenomeAtScale, that combines
the proposed algorithm with tools for processing input sequences. Our
evaluation on real data illustrates that one can use GenomeAtScale to
effectively employ tens of thousands of processors to reach new frontiers in
large-scale genomic and metagenomic analysis. While GenomeAtScale can be used
to foster DNA research, the more general underlying SimilarityAtScale algorithm
may be used for high-performance distributed similarity computations in other
data analytics application domains
Motif Prediction with Graph Neural Networks
Link prediction is one of the central problems in graph mining. However,
recent studies highlight the importance of higher-order network analysis, where
complex structures called motifs are the first-class citizens. We first show
that existing link prediction schemes fail to effectively predict motifs. To
alleviate this, we establish a general motif prediction problem and we propose
several heuristics that assess the chances for a specified motif to appear. To
make the scores realistic, our heuristics consider - among others -
correlations between links, i.e., the potential impact of some arriving links
on the appearance of other links in a given motif. Finally, for highest
accuracy, we develop a graph neural network (GNN) architecture for motif
prediction. Our architecture offers vertex features and sampling schemes that
capture the rich structural properties of motifs. While our heuristics are fast
and do not need any training, GNNs ensure highest accuracy of predicting
motifs, both for dense (e.g., k-cliques) and for sparse ones (e.g., k-stars).
We consistently outperform the best available competitor by more than 10% on
average and up to 32% in area under the curve. Importantly, the advantages of
our approach over schemes based on uncorrelated link prediction increase with
the increasing motif size and complexity. We also successfully apply our
architecture for predicting more arbitrary clusters and communities,
illustrating its potential for graph mining beyond motif analysis
ProbGraph: High-Performance and High-Accuracy Graph Mining with Probabilistic Set Representations
Important graph mining problems such as Clustering are computationally demanding. To significantly accelerate these problems, we propose ProbGraph: a graph representation that enables simple and fast approximate parallel graph mining with strong theoretical guarantees on work, depth, and result accuracy. The key idea is to represent sets of vertices using probabilistic set representations such as Bloom filters. These representations are much faster to process than the original vertex sets thanks to vectorizability and small size. We use these representations as building blocks in important parallel graph mining algorithms such as Clique Counting or Clustering. When enhanced with ProbGraph, these algorithms significantly outperform tuned parallel exact baselines (up to nearly 50x on 32 cores) while ensuring accuracy of more than 90% for many input graph datasets. Our novel bounds and algorithms based on probabilistic set representations with desirable statistical properties are of separate interest for the data analytics community